This course is an ecological study of human impact on the environment; how past and present practices by man will influence the planet's future; discussion of population, pollution, and attitudes affecting ecosystem balance and stability; special interest groups or action groups may be organized at the option of the instructor.

This course is an introduction to a broad spectrum of biological topics and to the scientific methods used in studying biology. The course will investigate the structure and function of animals and plants and will include information on current topics such as genetics, ecology, and evolution. This course cannot be used for credit toward a biology major.

This course is designed to teach the principles of biological science by utilizing examples of insects and their interactions with humans. Because humans encounter insects more than any other animal, insects provide many fascinating cases to choose from. Interesting examples of insects throughout the world will be cited in discussion of biological evolution, morphology, physiology, diversity, systematics, behavior, reproduction, and ecological interactions. Live and preserved specimens will be used. This course cannot be used for credit toward a Biological Sciences major.

This is an introductory course in Human Anatomy and Physiology for Physical Education, Nursing, and Pre-Med majors. Systems of the body will be covered from a structural and functional standpoint. The topics covered in lab and lecture will be epithelium, connective tissues, bones, muscles, nervous system, special senses, and the endocrine glands.

This is the continuation of the course Human Anatomy and Physiology I and is designed for Nursing, Physical Education, and Pre-Med majors. Additional systems of the body will be covered from a structural and functional standpoint. Topics covered will be the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system, and the fetal systems. Prerequisite: BIOL 111.

Introductory Biology I is a comprehensive course in biology which covers basic concepts in classical and modern biological thought. Topics focus on the central principles of structure and function of the cell, metabolism, genetics, protein synthesis, and concepts of evolution and ecology.

Introductory Biology II is a continuation of Introductory Biology I. Topics to be discussed include classification schemes, plant and animal anatomy, and systemic physiology. The course has been designed to provide the student with a sound foundation in Biology for advanced studies in this field. Prerequisite: BIOL 114.

This course is a study of interrelationships of plants and animals and their environments; the influences of heat, light, air, soil, water, and biotic factors; associations and successions; habitat types; populations, equilibrium, and predator-prey relationships. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is required for Environmental Studies majors and is also intended for those with concentrations in the field of medical studies. It will follow an ecosystems approach to ecology as related to humans. Emphasis will be placed on discrete ecological principles which affect local and global environments. Prerequisite: BIOL 104 or BIOL 114.

This course includes field studies in identification and classification of native and cultivated plants of the area and special instruction in the use and preparation of keys to the identification of herbs, shrubs, trees, ferns, bryophytes, and algae. Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the plant groups will be explored.

This course is a general study of animal groups found in the region; field technique, trapping, tagging, and population studies; amphibia, reptiles, birds of prey, and mammals. Class discussion of wildlife conservation and man's role in nature are included. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

Selected topics in Laboratory Medicine will be discussed and analyzed by the students. Emphasis is placed upon recent developments, and students are expected to orally report upon at least one contemporary aspect of Laboratory Medicine. Invited speakers as well as field trips to various laboratory facilities will be an integral part of the course. Prerequisites: BIOL 102, 114, 115.

This course is intended to introduce the students to the fundamental concepts needed for a thorough understanding of biotechnology and its applications. It provides an overview of the objectives, techniques, and problems related to the application of biotechnology in different fields. Major subjects addressed include medical biotechnology, pharmaceutical development, agriculture applications, and environmental applications. Also discussed will be ethical issues and their implication in the new biotechnological advances. Updates to the new breakthroughs and discoveries will be emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

Selected topics in Marine Science will vary depending on the individual needs of the students and the relevant literature. The course may be repeated, for which additional work will be required.

These courses are designed to meet specific needs of groups of students or are offered on a trial basis in order to determine the demand for and value of introducing them as part of the college curriculum.

This is a laboratory course considering the preparation of animal tissues for microscopic study. Methods of sectioning and staining for both histological and cytological study are stressed. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course examines the processes involved in the development of animals through study of fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, formation of appendages, origin of organs, and the process of differentiation. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

Principles of Neural Science will provide an added dimension to students interested in knowing more about the nervous system of man. This course will complement the courses in Anatomy and Physiology as well as Mechanisms of Disease. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112, 114, 115; CHEM 233.

This course deals with evolutionary and functional aspects of vertebrate anatomy. A series of vertebrates will be dissected in order to demonstrate the evolutionary development of anatomical systems. The physiological, ecological, and behavioral significance of anatomical characteristics observed in laboratory will be the topic of lecture sessions providing a synthesis of these biological disciplines within an evolutionary framework. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

An introduction to taxonomy and systematics, this course focuses on the history and practice of classifying organisms and the applications of taxonomy and systematics to modern organismal and molecular biology. Particular emphasis is placed on the reconstruction of the evolutionary histories of organisms and their impact on higher taxonomic groups. Topics include species concepts, delineation of taxonomic categories, methods of inferring phylogenies, methods and rules of taxonomic nomenclature, and problems associated with natural variation and fossil species.

This course is primarily a study of the classification, general characteristics, and life cycles of the major plant divisions. The student becomes acquainted with representative mosses, liverworts, ferns, fern allies, and gymnosperms. The general ecology and economic values of the plant groups are investigated. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is an introduction to the study of plant disease. Discussion consists of the kinds of disease in plants, the agents causing them, and factors which influence disease development with special emphasis on symptomatology and disease control. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

As plants are developing and reproducing they are often subjected to environmental stress, which can be quite severe. Temperature extremes, drought, flooding, unavailability of nutrients, toxic minerals, and airborne pollutants are examples of such stress factors. This course deals with the symptoms of stress and the mechanisms by which some plants overcome these problems. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This laboratory course will accompany BIOL 322 (Plant Responses to Environmental Stress). Lab exercises will illustrate the consequences of environmental stresses such as drought, temperature extremes, and toxic chemicals on plant growth and development; and to examine the mechanisms plants use to survive these stresses. Students will learn appropriate lab and field techniques for the study of stress biology in plants. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115; CHEM 121, 122, 123, 124; corequisite BIOL 322.

The emphasis in this course is introductory in nature; consequently, all aspects of ornithology will be discussed with an emphasis on evolution, ecology, behavior, and adaptation. In the laboratory, field identification and behavioral observation of birds of the eastern United States will be stressed through field trips to local and regional parks and refugees. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

Three weeks of intensive field study in Florida will provide undergraduate students with in-depth knowledge of Subtropical American fauna. The emphasis is placed on bird study with hundreds of species located in bays, rivers, and estuarine areas from Tampa Bay to Key West. Camping out will be the means of accommodation throughout the course. Students are expected to provide their own transportation and gear. Offered on demand. Prerequisites: BIOL 104 or 114 and 115.

This course is a study of microscopic forms of life with emphasis upon bacteria. Special attention will be given to growth, metabolism, and control of microorganisms. Consideration is given to the relationship of microbes to health and disease. In the laboratory, techniques of isolation, staining, biochemical, characterization, and serology are stresses. Prerequisites: BIOL 114; CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126, or equivalent.

This course includes a study of the principles of Mendelian genetics and theories of inheritance including the chemical nature, location, organization, and transfer of the information encoded in nucleic acids. Aspects of population and medical genetics are reviewed. Prerequisite: BIOL 114.

This course is an introduction to the experimental basis of essential concepts in genetics, and will overview three main areas: classical genetics, population genetics, and molecular genetics. Students will learn about the methodology of modern genetics by experimentally investigating important genetic phenomena. Prerequisite: BIOL 114, 115; corequisite BIOL 331.

This course is a comprehensive survey of the major phyla of invertebrate animals. The morphology, functional biology, ecology, evolutionary history, and phylogeny of invertebrate taxa will be covered. The minor invertebrate phyla will be introduced. Laboratory is required. Prerequisite: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is an introductory study of animal organ systems, their functions and mechanisms of function as related to whole organism homeostasis. Topics include energetics, temperature and fluid regulation, and nervous and hormonal controls. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115; CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126.

The Animal Behavior course will provide an introduction to the study of ethology. The course will begin with a historical account of the development of ethology as a science followed by discussions of the evolutionary, genetic, and physiological bases of various types of behaviors. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 200.

This course complements the Animal Behavior lecture course. Laboratory topics are chosen to facilitate an in-depth analysis of specific topics discussed in lecture. Emphasis will be placed on observing, measuring, analyzing, and reporting behavioral patterns observed in laboratory and field conditions. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 350 (concurrently), 200.

This course is designed to provide the students with theory and basic techniques of plant and animal cell cultures. These include aseptic techniques, media preparation, establishment of primary culture, maintenance and propagation, contamination control, transformation, transfection, cloning, and fusion of cultured cells. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115; CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126.

This course is designed to provide the student with an in-depth examination of the structure and function of the human body. Using a regional approach, students will examine through lecture/discussion and laboratory exercises systems including the musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112, 114, 115.

Students will be provided the opportunity to review, apply and coordinate skills learned in a variety of classes including experimental design, and data collection, organization, interpretation, analysis and presentation, to conducting a formal research project. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115; CPSC 101; MATH 110.

This course relates principles of both transmission and molecular genetics to the human organism. Particular stress will be placed on inborn errors such as Down's Syndrome, Kleinfelter's Syndrome, and Tay-Sach's Disease. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 331.

This course develops a synthetic theory of evolution, describes the courses of variability, organizes genetic variability in the population, and evaluates isolation, hybridization, and pleidy. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is a study of the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and organs. Correlations between structure and function at the microscopic and submicroscopic levels are primary functions of the course. Laboratory experiences will supplement the lectures and provide students with the opportunity to develop the ability to recognize the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and organs. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 230 and 310 are recommended.

The course will provide students with an overview of modern molecular biology and the growing field of biotechnology. The laboratory component will allow students to use some of the major techniques and instrumentation widely used in molecular biology research. Guest lecturers will present key projects that illustrate the application of biotechnology to problems of disease prevention and vaccine production. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is an introduction to the techniques of electron microscopy. Methods of tissue preparation, theory of the electron microscope, as well as assigned readings are an integral part of the course. Practical experience in the methodology of tissue preparation is stressed. Prerequisites: 16 credits in biology and consent of instructor.

Predator-prey relationships are prime examples of coevolution and evolutionary arms races. The study of such relationships provides insight into evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of animal interactions. These interactions will be looked at within the framework of Optimal Foraging Theory. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 200.

This course is a study of the pathogenic microorganisms. The emphasis is on bacteria, rickettsia, and chlamydia. The morphological, biochemical, serological, and pathological characteristics of these organisms will be addressed. This course will focus on important nosocomial and outbreak associated etiological agents. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 330.

This is an introductory course consisting of a morphological study of selected parasites of man and animals with special attention to host-parasite relationships and the phenomenon of parasitism. Laboratory experience includes dissection of vertebrate hosts and fixation, staining, mounting, and identification of parasites recovered. Prerequisites: BIOL 114 and 115 or 111 and 112.

This course acquaints the student with the subject of cellular structure, gives the students an understanding of the more modern concepts of cellular organization, and brings to students the modern techniques of investigation of the detailed structure and processes of the cell. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Offered on demand. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course includes a study of the aspects of systematics, serology, immunology, vaccines and genetics of viruses. Representative viral diseases along with their mechanism for pathogenicity are studied. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 330.

This course covers the biological aspects of aging. Theories of aging as well as the actual physiological changes that occur on the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels are discussed. Biology majors may not use this course to fulfill their Biology major requirements. This course is one of the required courses for students in Gerontology. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112 (BIOL 114 may be substituted for BIOL 112).

This course is a survey of higher and lower fungi, including field collections of fleshy fungi with laboratory physiological studies and identification. Emphasis on fleshy basidiomycetes and fungi imperfecti. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is a study of the functions of higher plants, including water relations, photosynthesis, respiration, nutrition, and the control of plant growth and development. The practical applications of plant physiology are also discussed. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is designed to instill knowledge of the principles of fundamentals of plant ecology and the methods of vegetation analysis. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, and 200.

This course will discuss the mechanisms contributing to disease and representative diseases affecting the various body systems. Readings, Kodachrome slides, and selected, preserved organs/tissues will be used to graphically illustrate the diseases. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112.

This course will review the biology of the vertebrate classes Amphibia and Reptilia from an organismic perspective. The topics of focus will include evolution, systematics, ecology, and behavior. Field research techniques will also be emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

A management approach to wildlife resource biology, the emphasis is on life histories, investigative techniques, and field research methods. Most North American game species are included. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This program provides a graduate and undergraduate course that gives the student a unique opportunity for field study across the country. Although the focus will be on animal life in the Pacific Northwest, adequate attention will be given to wildlife on principal refuges found along the route both to and from the Northwest. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. (Offered during Main Summer Session) Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course deals with the geographical distribution of organisms. It examines the pattern of these distributions and the underlying causes for them. The question of what present distributions of organisms indicate about past climates and environments is considered. A secondary area of examination is ecology of invasions which include present day translocation of organisms from former to new habitats. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 331.

This course is an in-depth study of human physiology. Emphasis is placed on the function and interrelationship of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112; CHEM 312 is recommended.

This course stresses the applications of principles learned in general microbiology. Emphasis will be placed on specific microbiological techniques as they apply to pathogenic microrganisms, agriculture, and the environment. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 330.

Various physiological processes such as temperature control, and salt and water balance will be studied by examining the modifications that make specific animals better adapted for survival in a particular environment. Since this course is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course includes the study of the handling and infection of laboratory animals with viruses. The use of cell or tissue cultures in virology will be reviewed. To study viral replication, laboratory exercises in phage activity, bacterial virus growth curves and animal virus growth curves will be performed. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 330, concurrent with 419.

This course is a study of the embryology, histology, and function of the chemical integrating system-the endocrine system-of animals, with particular emphasis on the vertebrates. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisite: CHEM 234.

Comparative anatomy and physiology of the vertebrate reproductive systems and the chemistry and action of hormones concerned with reproduction will be studied. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisite: BIOL 435.

A course designed to develop a basic understanding of the immune system and its relationship to disease. Everyday immunologic problems, penicillin and ragweed allergy, myeloma and lymphomas, serologic tests involving antigen antibody reactions, immunization, etc. will be considered. Graduate students will be expected to write a paper and complete a project. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112.

This course includes the study of the handling and culturing of bacteria. Antimicrobial resistant mechanisms will be emphasized. Diagnostic, non-cultural, methods using probes and polymerase chain reaction techniques will be included. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 330, concurrent with 414.

This course is intended to provide in-depth coverage of the principles of molecular biology. The structure of nucleic acids and proteins will be reviewed. The process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes will be covered. The control of gene expression in several representative systems will be discussed in detail. Current methodologies in recombinant DNA research will be emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 331; CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126.

This course is a study of the plants, animals, and microorganisms that interrelate within the aquatic environment. Local habitats are used to illustrate theoretical and applied principles of aquatic ecology; freshwater and marine ecosystems in relationship to various types of pollution are also considered. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is a study of the effect of various types of pollution on the freshwater, estuarine, and salt-water ecosystems. Monitoring of polluted and unpolluted situations will be conducted in the field, and bioassay techniques will be shown in the laboratory. Various indices of the extent of water pollution will be discussed. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course considers the identification, ordination, morphology, physiology, and ecology of the larger vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit a differentiation of requirements is made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

Stream Ecology is a course designed to study the biological parameters of rivers and streams with special emphasis on trophic dynamics, invertebrate-vertebrate communities, and seasonal changes. The effects of pollution on various aspects of streams will also be a major consideration. Field investigations will be used to examine differing streams and their particular characteristics. A variety of sampling techniques will be used in the field to give students experience with different methods of answering ecological questions. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, and 200.

This course emphasizes the taxonomic, physiological, ecological, and behavioral aspects of fishes; laboratory and field trips are an integral part of the course. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with exception of laboratory courses only.

This course provides basic principles of physical limnology in relation to several types of communities in lakes and streams; laboratory and field trips are an integral part of the course. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course covers the pelagic organisms in lakes and oceans and the factors that control their distribution and production. Planktonic plants and animals (e.g. algae, protozoa, rotifers, crustacea, and fish larvae) and the part they play in the economy of natural waters are studied; laboratory and field trips are an integral part of the course. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course covers the taxonomy, life history, and general biology of aquatic insects; laboratory and field trips are an integral part of the course. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course will provide an in-depth examination of cell structure and function and the interrelationship between the two. Special attention will be given to membranes, cytoskeleton, and cell surface structures. The function of these structures in the coordination of activities occurring within and among cells will be stressed. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is an introductory taxonomic approach to insects, coupled with field collection and identification. Study includes ecology, morphology, systematics, and lab techniques. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course is the study of insects with respect to morphology, physiology, taxonomy, and ecology; insects of economic importance are used as examples. This is a basic course leading to several aspects of entomology such as insect morphology, economic entomology, insect physiology, medical entomology, etc. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course studies the internal and external structure of insects utilizing specimens in the laboratory. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114 and 115, or 451.

This course studies the functional aspect of insects. The course includes investigations of life processes such as digestion, nutrition, excretion, circulation, respiration, behavior, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis, and relates these life processes to anatomical structures. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114 and 115 or 451 with BIOL 453 if possible.

This course is the study of arthropods that affect the health of man and animals. The study includes a brief account of introductory entomology and that of the ticks, insects, and sites of medical importance, both as vectors and as the causal agents of pathological conditions. Seeks understanding of the principle of the vector-host relationship. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114 and 115 or 451.

This course studies the insects of economic importance including their identification, life history, biology, harmful and beneficial effects, and control. Insects included are important in agriculture, forestry, medicine, veterinary medicine, and often encountered in the family home. The principles of insect control with recent approaches are also considered. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, or 451.

This course deals with identification, biology, damage, and control of structural, household, and commercial pests of insect and non-insect (including vertebrates) origin. Pesticide classification, chemistry, mode of action, and handling are studied. Preventive and non-chemical control methods using the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principle are also discussed. Standard toxicological techniques with bioassay evaluations are administered. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114 and 115, or 451.

Behavioral Ecology is designed to introduce students to animal behavior within an ecological and evolutionary context. The subject matter deals with ways in which an organism's behaviors are influenced by the environment, especially with regard to resource distribution. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Course is offered regularly at ESU and occasionally at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course includes a study of the occurrence, principles, concepts and significance of disease in wildlife. Representative diseases along with their mechanism for pathogenicity will be studied. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 330.

This course is designed to demonstrate the immunological and biochemical factors in disease diagnosis. Common laboratory tests in hematology, blood chemistry, and microbiology will be employed. Birds, fish, and mammals will be the subjects examined. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 330, 458 (concurrent).

This course is a study of the physical constants of the marine environment as it interrelates with marine organisms. The ecological interactions of the organisms with each other will be emphasized. The effect of pollution and excessive exploitation on marine organisms will be discussed. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course focuses on basic mechanism of disease (the processes). The main thrust is directed toward identification of the changes in the human body at cellular, tissue, and system levels when insulted by a disease. Glass microscopic slides, 35mm slides, organ and tissue specimens, images from the Internet and DC-ROM programs will be utilized in this course. Prerequisites: BIOL 111, 112. Corequisite: BIOL 424.

An overview of the vertebrate Class Mammalia, this course is designed to help the student develop a basic understanding of the anatomy, diversity, ecology, fossil record, and geographical distributions of mammals. Students will be exposed to the modern and fossil mammals of the world-with a focus on the regional fauna-through a combination of classroom discussion, lecture, laboratory work with preserved specimens, field trips, and field work. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 200.

This course will synthesize topics relating to the conservation of animals and plants, including extinction, genetics, demography, insularization, threats to biodiversity, conservation economics, environmental ethics, and strategies for conservationists. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course will cover the basics of population genetics. Stress will be placed upon understanding the basic processes of evolutionary genetics. The initial part of the course will cover the basic models of population genetics; the second half will deal with contemporary controversies or problems. The laboratory will emphasize data analysis. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 331; MATH 131.

This course is designed to provide the students with hands-on laboratory experimentation using basic immunological techniques. The course will include methods and techniques of: Immunization and bleeding of mice, antigen and antibody purification and characterization, immunoelectrophoresis, western blot, ELISA procedures, immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, identification of cellular antigens by immunofluorescence, and isolation of mouse lymphoid tissue (spleen and thymus). Prerequisite: BIOL 330; corequisite: BIOL 437.

This course is a study of the internal and external structure of fishes, their systematic and ecological relationships, and their distribution in time and space. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The maintenance of fish health in enclosed, recycling water systems will be studied. The chemical, physical, and biological processes of these enclosed systems will be related to the health of various species of fish. Nutrition, fish handling, and diagnosis of diseases will also be emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115.

This course focuses on the practice of classifying organisms utilizing modern systematic techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on the reconstruction of evolutionary histories of organisms using both molecular and morphological characters. Topics include species concepts, deliniation of taxonomic groups, and methods of inferring phylogenies. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 331.

This course is designed to familiarize the student with the marine environment and current developments in the marine sciences. Topics for study will include the physical parameters of the ocean, ocean basis topography, life in the sea, and resources in the ocean. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station in Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is intended as an adjunct to BIOL 439 Molecular Biology. This course will provide students with hands-on experience using techniques for molecular biology research including DNA isolation, Southern blotting, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 331; CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126. Corequisite: BIOL 439.

This course is intended to familiarize the students with an understanding of scope and use of biotechnological techniques in forensic sciences, which include criminal investigation, civil cases (paternity testing), and wildlife conservation and management (endangered species), diagnosis of inherited diseases, tissue and organ transplantation, personal and organism identification. This course will be conducted as both lecture and laboratory exercises. The students will learn how to collect, preserve, analyze and interpret biological evidence in forensic contexts: (hair, blood, saliva, semen, tooth pulp, and other tissues). It provides an overview of the techniques and problems related to application of biotechnology in different fields. Major topics will be addressed, such as categories of biological evidence, DNA fingerprinting, blood and serology, hair and fiber analysis, fingerprinting, forensic pathology. Current and historical cases will be used to illustrate examples of good and poor quality investigations and updates to new technologies and breakthroughs will be emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 331; either BIOL 411 or BIOL 439 and BIOL 477 and permission of the course instructor.

This course introduces research methods in biotechnology including the scientific method, literature search strategies, collection and analysis of data and scientific writing and presentation skills. With assistance from instructors, students choose an independent research project in the area of biotechnology. Prerequisites: Junior standing and permission of instructor.

Environmental field experience is gained by on-the-job experience under direct professional supervision. Interns have served with state, local, federal, and overseas agencies. Opportunities continue to expand as present interns open new positions for future internships. Must be at least a second semester junior.

This experience is taken upon the initiative of a student who seeks to study with a knowledgeable faculty member in order to deepen a specific interest in a particular academic discipline. Independent study is a process through which a student either sharply increases his/her already advanced knowledge of a subject matter or increases his/her appreciation about an academic discipline that is correlative with a student's advanced knowledge of a subject. The proposed independent study must be submitted to the department for approval. The faculty member supervising the independent study must provide a minimum of five (5) hours of time per credit hour upon request of the student.

Laboratory topics will introduce students to experimental design, data acquisition, and behavioral observation techniques under laboratory and field conditions using a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms and plants. Some Saturday laboratories will be required. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 457 or concurrent.

This course is a continuation of Mechanisms of Disease I. The mechanisms of diseases affecting the organ system will be studied; namely, to provide a concise account of important aspects of the pathology of human disease. Prerequisite: BIOL 424.

This course will impart a thorough understanding of tropical ecology through introductory lectures, student presentations, and an intensive two-week field experience. The field experience will provide research opportunities for students on ecological and behavioral aspects of selected organisms and/or concepts. Destinations include Costa Rica, Ecuador, or Kenya. The course will be offered on demand during appropriate winter, spring, or summer sessions. Prerequisites: BIOL 114, 115, 200. Students will meet for a total of 15 hours prior to and after the field trip.

This course is designed to lead senior students into current scientific literature. Students are assigned independent problems as well as readings in their areas and are expected to analyze the literature and orally report their findings to the class. Every attempt will be made to secure the services of experts in their field to present learned papers. This course is required of all Biology majors in the arts and sciences in their senior year and secondary education majors who are student teaching in the spring semester.

This course is a continuation of Seminar I. It is required of all Biology majors in the arts and sciences in the second semester of their senior year and of secondary education majors who are student teaching in the fall semester.

Seminar participants analyze selected environmental topics. Both individual and group efforts are encouraged. Prerequisites: Environmental Studies Majors Only; permission of instructor.

This course is an individualized investigation of a research area in Marine Science. The specific research problem is formulated by the student and carried out under the direction of the professor. Prerequisites: 12 credits in Marine and Aquatic Science and senior standing.

This course is designed to provide the student with an opportunity to work with a faculty member in the student's primary Arts and Sciences discipline during the student teaching experience. The course will enhance the student's ability to understand and maximize the relationship between disciplinary subject matter and pedagogy.

Biology-Marine Science Courses

Courses taught with a BIOM rubric are those courses normally taught at the Marine Science Consortium field station at Wallops Island, Virginia. These BIOM courses are taught through the Department of Biological Sciences and, unless specified otherwise in the course description, BIOM courses will count as Biological Sciences courses toward a major within theDepartment.

This course includes an introduction to systems and modeling approaches as techniques for describing the behavior of nonpoint source (NPS) contaminants. Pollutant loading to ground and surface waters and wetlands will be explored. Students will use physically based models routinely used by the U.S. EPA, USDA-ARS, and state environmental agencies. A case study approach and "What-If Scenarios" will be used to investigate best practices to minimize environmental degradation. Emphasis is placed on simulation interpretation. Students will devote approximately 60 percent total class time to hands-on computer exercises and data collection. Prerequisites: CHEM 121, 123, 124, 126; MATH 130 or 135; GEOG 121 or BIOL 200; familiarity with any Windows system.

The interactions between biological communities and the oceanic environment are studied with emphasis on the distributions of coastal plankton, fishes, and bethnic invertebrates. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science Consortium field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisite: Two courses in Biology. Recommended: Introduction to Oceanography.

This course will study the ecological mechanisms underlying evolutionary processes. It is broad in scope and requires that students synthesize both evolutionary and ecological concepts and theory into an understanding of how organisms adapt to their environment. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science Consortium field station in Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Courses in genetics and ecology.

This course is an introduction to the physiology of marine organisms utilizing a comparative approach. A wide range of marine organisms will be used to demonstrate the variety of mechanisms and strategies that allow them to physiologically adapt to their specific environments. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science Consortium field station in Wallops Island, Virginia, only during the summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisite: Two courses in Biology and Introductory Chemistry.

Students in this course will study the marine environment with the use of SCUBA as a research tool. SCUBA will be used to collect samples, to measure the distribution of the flora and fauna, and to evaluate the productivity and biomass of select benthic communities. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science Consortium field station in Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Prerequisite: Two courses in the biological sciences including a zoology type course. SCUBA certification.

This course trains the student in the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Principles of operation and the preparation of marine geological and biological specimens are covered. Applications of the technique are performed on selected marine organisms and/or marine rocks and sediments. In addition, an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) is used to supplement the SEM analysis.

This course examines the interaction of biological, chemical, physical, geological, and ecological ocean processes as applied to coastal environments. Emphasis is placed on environmental management issues of the coastal zone. Topics include water quality analysis, barrier island geology and ecology, estuarine pollution, beach defense and biological implications in areas of coastal up welling and coastal fronts. Specific cases in coastal pollution will be examined from coastal environments around the U.S. Prerequisites: Two semesters of introductory biology, college algebra (or equivalent) and an ecology course. Recommended: statistics.

This course covers the wide array of methods of data collection, study designs, and analyses used in ecology. Emphasis is placed on understanding the strengths and weaknesses of different ecological methods and analyses in the study of coastal environments. Lecture, fieldwork, and laboratory are integrated, and students gain practical computer experience by analyzing ecology data from the field using software that performs analyses introduced in lecture. Prerequisites: Two semesters of introductory biology, college algebra (or equivalent) and an ecology course. Recommended: statistics.

This course is a study of the physical constants of the marine environment as it interrelates with marine organisms. The ecological interactions of the organisms with each other will be emphasized. The effect of pollution and excessive exploitation on marine organisms will be discussed. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The taxonomy, physiology, ecology, and economic importance of marine and coastal plants, as exemplified by those found in the Lewes, Delaware, area, will be considered. Laboratory techniques will include collecting, preserving, identifying, and analyzing plants and plant materials; appropriate instrumentation will be used. Emphasis will be given to both in-the-field studies and laboratory analyses. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The course is a study of the life history, habits, origin, development, physiology, anatomy, and taxonomy of the main phyla of invertebrates. A phylogenetic sequence is followed to show interrelationships among the phyla. Special emphasis is given to the Atlantic marine invertebrates. Laboratory and fieldwork deal with collection, preservation, and identification of local species. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course consists of a three-week session involving detailed planning and preparations for an oceanographic research cruise of approximately eight days, actual execution of the cruise plan aboard an ocean research vessel, and data-processing and reporting of the cruise results. Shipboard sampling techniques and instrumentation used by biological oceanographers are introduced. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course deals with the principles of development and differentiation in marine organisms at the molecular and supramolecular levels of organization. The laboratory will include both descriptive and experimental embryology. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course deals with the ecology and management of wetland wildlife with emphasis on the management of wetlands as ecological systems. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is a study of the internal and external structure of fishes, their systematic and ecological relationships, and their distribution in time and space. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

Investigations are conducted before, during, and after a pollution episode; the fate and behavior (dispersion and degradation) of the pollutants are followed. Bioassays and other toxicity studies will also be conducted. Procedures, techniques, and equipment will be prepared and standardized prior to the cruise and a final project report prepared and submitted for the course grade. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

Ornithology at the Wallops Island station introduces the student to the avian fauna of the seacoast and at the same time enables comparison with inland species to be found near the laboratory. In addition to the fieldwork providing visual and vocal identification, lecture material will include information on distribution behavior physiology and anatomy. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course provides students with a general background for a working knowledge of investigative techniques that are used to study the physical, biological, geological, and chemical parameters of the marine environment. Students learn to appreciate the scope of field studies through active participation in group projects and individual research efforts; those projects include planning and execution, analysis and interpretation of data, and presentation (written and verbal) of the results. This course is periodically offered at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is a study of plant and animal life in the marine environment. Emphasis will be placed upon physical and chemical factors that affect the marine environment and the ways in which various organisms have become adapted for exploiting marine resources. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The Mollusca is the second largest group of animals and perhaps the most diverse in terms of morphological, ecological, and behavioral variations. This course offers an evolutionary, functional, and ecological approach to studying this important group of organisms. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Prerequisite: One year of biology (with laboratories).

This course investigates coral reef structure, formation, types and the relationship of reef organisms to their environment. Emphasis will be given to species diversity/identification, symbiosis, and effects of temperature, salinity, light, nutrient concentration, current predation, and competition on the abundance and distribution on coral reef organisms. This course will be offered at the Marine Science Consortium at Wallops Island, Virginia, with a portion taught in Honduras. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisite: One year of biology (with laboratories).

The distribution, population size, physiology, evolution, adaptation, and ecological relationships of marine mammals will be studied. Laboratory and fieldwork will include an off-campus field trip to facilities studying marine mammals (Baltimore Aquarium and Woods Hole). This course will be offered at the Marine Science Consortium at Wallops Island, Virginia, during a summer session. Since this course is also offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: One year of biology (with laboratories).

This course is designed to familiarize the student with the marine environment and current developments in the marine sciences. Topics for study will include the physical parameters of the ocean, ocean basis topography, life in the sea, and resources in the ocean. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station in Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

Discussion and observations are conducted on the influences of external and internal factors on the regulation and coastal behavior of organisms living in the marine coastal environment. This course is periodically offered during the summer sessions at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course provides a survey of methods and concepts of marine microbiology. Attention will be given to technical aspects of sample collection, microbial ecology of the marine environment, enrichment culturing, methods of enumeration and identification, with emphasis on marine bacteria. This course is periodically offered during summer sessions at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The basic structures of marine chordates will be studied by dissection in order to trace the important trends (and their functional significance) in the evolution of these structures within the various groups of marine chordates. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is a study of the phytoplankton and zooplankton in marine and brackish environments. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons will be made between the planktonic population of various types of habitats in relation to primary and secondary productivity. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is an introduction to the physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes and interactions in the oceans. Topics include history of oceanography, charts and navigation, the physical and chemical properties of seawater, instrumentation and at-sea measurements, marine geology, beach processes, theory of continental drift, air-sea interactions, waves and ocean circulation, tides, plant and animal life in the seas, and marine ecology. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course is designed for students majoring in either biological or geological sciences. The course will deal with modern, living representatives of microorganisms important in the fossil record. Particular emphasis will be placed on the taxonomy, morphology, evolution, and ecologic affinities of the foraminifer (Sarcodina), but other groups, including the Radiolaria, Diatoms, and Ostracoda, will also be considered. Laboratory and field aspects of the course will include sample collection preparation and analysis. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This is a three week session involving detailed planning and preparation for an oceanographic research cruise of approximately one week duration, the actual research cruise on board the R. V. "Annandale," and the data-processing and final reporting of results. Demonstration of various shipboard sampling techniques and instrumentation will be given. Each cruise will deal with different aspects of marine science, i.e., 1) general oceanography, 2) marine biology, 3) marine geology, and 4) marine pollution and waste disposal. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This structure and function of coastal wetland ecosystems are emphasized. The ecological impact of humans on these wetlands is interrelated with management strategies. Field exercises are stressed. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

Tropical Invertebrates emphasizes the systematics and ecology of tropical communities. A variety of collection and observation methods are used to sample tropical inshore and reef areas. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements will be made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

The vegetation under the marine influence is identified, and the factors limiting and controlling the distribution of this vegetation is determined. This course is periodically offered during the summer at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements is made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

Mechanisms and regulation of organ function in invertebrates with emphasis on homeostasis will be studied using live specimens from the marine environment. The unique adaptations of the marine invertebrates will be compared with general physiological principles. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during a summer session. Since this course also is offered for graduate credit, a differentiation of requirements is made. Prerequisites: Any two courses in biology with the exception of laboratory courses only.

This course will include the theory and the practice of raising organisms for food and for the aquarium trade. Techniques of raising economically important organisms from the egg stage to marketable size and their food supplies will be studied. This course is periodically offered at the Marine Science field station at Wallops Island, Virginia, only during summer sessions. Prerequisites: Three courses in biology (minimum of nine total credits) with exception of laboratory courses only.

In addition to the courses listed previously, a number of courses are offered by the Marine Science Consortium at Wallops Island, Virginia, which a student may take and apply toward the requirements in biology. Interested students should contact Dr. David Trainer for further information.